O extrato de folhas e sementes do ginkgo, Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae) no tratamento e profilaxia das isquemias
Resumen
Ginkgo biloba L, uma espécie da família Ginkgoaceae, tem sua utilização para fins terapêuticos já sendo descrito desde 2800 a.C. e seu extrato EGb 761 tem sido comercializado a mais de duas décadas. Este trabalho tem como objetivo reunir evidências sobre os efeitos do extrato EGb 761 na profilaxia e no tratamento da isquemia, publicadas nos últimos cinco anos. Neste extrato, aos flavonóides são atribuídas ações antioxidantes e anti-radicais livres evitando desta forma os danos oxidativos após a reperfusão que se segue a isquemia e ainda melhoram o metabolismo cerebral. Seus constituintes terpenoídicos possuem efeitos cardioprotetores, atuando juntamente com os flavonóides. Os bilobalídeos são responsáveis por um efeito protetor neuronal e pela prevenção contra lesões isquêmicas. Os ginkgolídeos podem ser utilizados no tratamento de inflamações, rejeição em transplantes, asma, devido a um mecanismo antioxidante, e lesões isquêmicas devido a sua ação antagonista sobre o Fator de Agregação Plaquetária - FAP.
Palabras clave:
Descargas
Citas
Calapai G, Crupi A, Firenzuoli F, Marciano MC, Squadrito F, Inferrera G, Parisi A, Rizzo A, Crisafulli C, Fiore A & Caputi AP (2000) Neuroprotective effects of Ginkgo biloba extract in brain ischemia are mediated by inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis. Life Sciences 67: 2673-2683.
Chandrasekaran K, Mehrabian Z, Spinnewyn B, Chinopoulos C, Drieu K & Fiskum G (2003) Neuroprotective effects of bilobalide, a component of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) in global brain ischemia and in excitotoxicity-induced neuronal death. Pharmacopsychiatry 36: S89-94.
Chen C, Wei T, Gao Z, Zhao B, Hou J, Xu H, Xin W & Packer L (1999) Different effects of the constituints of EGb 761 on apoptosis in rat cerebellar granule cells induced by hydroxyl radicals. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 47: 397-405.
Christen Y & Maixent Jm (2002) What is Gingko biloba extract EGb 761? An overview - from molecular biology to clinical medicine. Cellular and Molecular Biology 48: 601-611.
Clostre F (1999) Extrait du Ginkgo biloba (EGb761). Etat des connaissances à l’aube de l’an 2000. Annales Pharmaceutiques 57: 1S8-1S88.
Dajas F, Rivera F, Blasina F, Arredondo F, Echeverry C, Lafon L, Morquio A & Heizen H (2003) Cell culture protection and in vivo neuroprotective capacity of flavonoids. Neurotoxicity Research 5: 425-432.
DeFeudis FV & Drieu K (2000) Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) and CNS functions: basic studies and clinical applications. Current Drug Targets 1: 25-58.
Gold PE, Cahill L & Wenk Gl (2003) As controvérsias do Ginkgo biloba. Scientific American Brasil 2. 84-89.
Huang SH, Duke RK, Chebib M, Sasaki K, Wada K & Johnston GA (2003) Bilobalide, a sesquiterpene trilactone from Ginkgo biloba, is an antagonist at recombinant alpha1, beta2, gamma2L GABA(A) receptors. European Journal of Pharmacology 464: 1-8.
Janssens D, Remacle J, Drieu K & Michiels C (1999) Protection of mitochondrial respiration activity by bilobalide. Biochemical Pharmacology 58: 109-119.
Koch E (2005) Inhibition of platelet activating factor (PAF)-induced aggregation of human thrombocytes by ginkgolides: considerations on possible bleeding complications after oral intake of Ginkgo biloba extracts. Phytomedicine 12: 10-16.
Kusmic C, Basta G, Lazzerini G, Vesentini N & Barsacchi R (2004) The effect of Ginkgo biloba in isolated ischemic/reperfused rat heart: a link between vitamin E preservation and prostaglandin biosynthesis. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 44: 356-62.
Liebgott T, Miollan M, Berchadsky Y, Drieu K, Culcasi M & Pietri S (2000) Complementary cardioprotective effects of flavonoid metabolites and terpenoid constituents of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) during ischemia and reperfusion. Basic Research in Cardiology 95: 368-377.
Mauri P, de Palma A, Pozzi F, Basilico F, Riva A, Morazzoni P, Bombardelli E & Rossoni G (2006) LC-MS characterization of terpene lactones in plasma of experimental animals treated with Ginkgo biloba extracts correlation with pharmacological activity Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 40: 763-768.
Massieu L, Morán J & Christen Y (2004) Effect of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) on staurosporin-induced neuronal death and caspase activity in cortical cultured neurons. Brain Research 1002: 76-85.
Nathan Pj, Tanner S, Lloyd J, Harrison B, Curren L, Oliver C & Stough C (2004) Effects of a combined extract of Gingko biloba and Bacopa monniera on cognitive function in healthy humans. Human Psychopharmacology – Clinical and Experimental 19: 91-96.
Ni Y, Chen C, Zhao B, Hou J & Xin W (1996) Preventive effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on apoptosis in rat cerebellar neuronal cells induced by hydroxyl radicals. Neuroscience Letters 214: 115-118.
Pierr S, Jamme I, Robert K, Gerbi A, Duran Mj, Sennoune S, Droy-Lefaix MT, Nouvelot A & Maixent
JM (2002) Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) protects Na-K-ATPase isoenzymes during cerebral ischemia. Cellular
and Molecular Biology 48: 671-679.
Santos RF, Galduró ZJC, Barbieri A, Castiglioni ML & Ytaya-Bueno OF (2003) Cognitive performance, SPECT, and bood viscosity in elderly non-demented people using Gingko biloba. Pharmacopsychiatry 36: 127-133.
Schenkel EP, Gosmann G & Petrovick PR (2003) Produtos de origem vegetal e o desenvolvimento de medicamentos. In: Simões CMO, Schenkel EP, Gosmann G, Mello JCP, Mentz LA & Petrovick PR org. Farmacognosia: da planta ao medicamento. 5 ed. Florianópolis: Porto Alegre, Editora da UFSC: Editora da UFRGS, p.371-400.
Smith JV & Luo Y (2004) Studies on molecular mechanisms of Gingko biloba extract. Applied Microbiological Biotechnology 64: 465-472.
Schulz V, Hänsel R & Tyler VE (2002). Ginkgo no tratamento de deficiência cognitiva. In: Fitoterapia racional. 4 ed. Barueri: Manole, p 42-56.
Wei T, Ni Y, Hou J, Chen C, Zaho B & Xin W (2000) Hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage and apoptosis in
cerebellar granule cells: protection by Ginkgo biloba extract. Pharmacology Research 41: 427-433.
WHO (1999). Folium Ginkgo. In: WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants. Geneve: World Health Organization. 1: 154-163.
Yoshikawa T, Naito Y & Kondo M (1999) Ginkgo biloba leaf extract: review of biological actions and clinical applications. Antioxidants & Redox Signalling 1: 469-480.
Zhu W, Chen G, Hu L, Luo X, Gui C, Luo C, Puah CM, Chen K & Jiang H (2005) QSAR analyses on ginkgolides and their analogues using CoMFA, CoMSIA, and HQSAR. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 13: 313-322.
Cómo citar
Licencia
Esta licença permite que outros distribuam, remixem, adaptem e criem a partir do seu trabalho, mesmo para fins comerciais, desde que lhe atribuam o devido crédito pela criação original.
