Biochemistry characterization of proteins defense against oxidative stress in plants and their biosynthetic pathways of secondary metabolites
Abstract
The purpose of this present review is to characterize the new proteomic approaches in the study of the regulatory mechanisms of defense against oxidative stress in plants. Plant and pathogens establish relationships, resulting in biochemical information exchanges. Accordingly, certain cellular compartments develop various defense mechanisms. The first mechanism is pre-existing, using structural and/or preformed antimicrobial compounds. The second are induced as hipersensitive response (HR), accumulation of secondary metabolites by phytoalexins, the synthesis of signaling molecules, induction of hydrolytic enzymes, lignin deposition in cell wall, biosynthesis of proteins related to pathogenesis (PRs) and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The main ROS are hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide ions (O2-) and hydroxyl radicals (•OH). These chemicals act as direct toxic action against pathogens. However when in excess, they can lead to oxidation of proteins, nucleic acids and unsaturated fatty acids. To avoid such damage, plants activate efficient antioxidant systems as the enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11). Here we unraveled several proteins defense plant cell wall as well as the antimicrobial activity. It is supported in this work, that jasmonic acid (JA) substantially induces plant defense. In addition, we propose models for the conversion route of linolenic acid in JA. We approach in a simplified, but consistent way, the divisions of secondary metabolites as well as its ecological and agricultural attributes. Finally, we present a schematic model summarizing the main biosynthetic routes of secondary metabolites and their interrelations with the primary metabolism.
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