Caracterização bioquímica das proteínas de defesa contra o estresse oxidativo em plantas e suas rotas biossintéticas dos metabólitos secundários
Resumo
O objetivo desta presente revisão é caracterizar as novas abordagens proteômicas dos mecanismos de regulação da defesa contra o estresse oxidativo em plantas. Plantas e patógenos estabelecem relações, resultando em trocas de informações bioquímicas. Nesse sentido, certos compartimentos celulares destas plantas desenvolvem variados mecanismos de defesa. O primeiro mecanismo é pré-existente, através de barreiras estruturais e/ou compostos antimicrobianos pré-formados. O segundo são induzidos, como respostas hipersensitivas (HR), acúmulos de metabólitos secundários, por meio das fitoalexinas, síntese de moléculas sinalizadoras, indução de enzimas hidrolíticas, deposição de lignina na parede celular, biossíntese de proteínas relacionadas à patogênese (PRs) e geração de espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs). As principais EROs são peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2), íons superóxido (O2•-) e radicais hidroxilas (•OH). Estes compostos químicos funcionam como ação tóxica direta contra patógenos. Entretanto, quando em excesso, podem levar à oxidação de proteínas, ácidos graxos insaturados e ácidos nucleicos. Para evitar tais danos, as plantas ativam eficientes sistemas antioxidantes como às enzimas dismutase de superóxido (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6) e peroxidase do ascorbato (APX, EC 1.11.1.11). Aqui, discutimos várias proteínas de defesa da parede celular vegetal, bem como as de atividade antimicrobiana. É corroborado neste trabalho, que o ácido jasmônico (AJ) induz substancialmente a defesa vegetal. Além disso, propomos modelos sobre a rota de conversão do ácido linolênico em AJ. Abordamos de forma simplificada, mas consistente, as divisões dos metabólitos secundários, bem como seus atributos ecológicos e agrícolas. Finalmente, apresentamos um modelo esquemático sumarizado das principais rotas de biossíntese dos metabólitos secundários e suas inter-relações com o metabolismo primário.
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