Modificações bioquímicas e estruturais induzidas nos tecidos vegetais por insetos galhadores
Resumo
Um tipo particular de interação de plantas e insetos herbívoros é definido por modificações do tecido da planta hospedeira mediada pela presença de estágios larvais dos insetos parasitas, no qual é formada uma estrutura de proteção e alimentação a partir da multiplicação dos tecidos foliares. As galhas são essas estruturas reacionais produzidas por um aumento diferenciado no número e / ou tamanho das células vegetais. As galhas podem ser entendidas do ponto de vista evolutiva como adaptações induzidas dentro da planta hospedeira, que permitiram que os indutores se alimentassem de tecidos de alta qualidade, se protegessem de inimigos naturais e de condições ambientais adversas. O processo de desenvolvimento da planta hospedeira é a principal força responsável pela interação inseto planta, existindo desta forma uma variação na abundância e composição de insetos herbívoros associados às plantas em estágios ontogenéticos distintos. A ontogenia, ou modificação natural na expressão gênica do meristema do vegetal, está diretamente relacionada ao desenvolvimento das plantas. Com a sucessão para estágios ontogenéticos mais avançados, ocorrem variações na forma, fisiologia, composição química e resistência a patógenos. A herbívoria pode ser reduzida através da expressão de características defensivas que diretamente interferem na qualidade da planta como alimento para os herbívoros e com defesas indiretas que afetam a eficiência de predação de inimigos naturais dos herbívoros. Insetos galhadores são herbívoros que representam um dos extremos do gradiente especialista generalista, sendo demasiadamente específicos em relação à escolha do hospedeiro. Tornando-se assim temas fascinantes, por considerar os aspectos ecológicos e evolutivos das interações planta herbívoro.
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