Biochemical and structural changes induced in plant tissues by galling insects
Abstract
A kind of interaction between plants and herbivores is defined by changes in host plant tissue mediated by the presence of larval stages of parasitic insects, in which a structure is formed to protect and feed from the multiplication of leaf tissues. The galls are produced by reactions such structures a differentiated increase in the number and / or size of plant cells. The galls can be understood in terms of how evolutionary adaptations induced in the host plant, that allowed them to feed themselves inducers of high quality fabrics, be protected from natural enemies and adverse environmental conditions. The development process of the host plant is the main force responsible for plant insect interaction, there is thus a variation in composition and abundance of herbivorous insects associated with plants in different ontogenetic stages. Ontogeny, or natural change in gene expression in the meristem of the plant, is directly related to plant development. om the succession to more advanced ontogenetic stages, variations occur in shape, physiology, chemical composition and resistance to pathogens. The herbivory can be reduced through the expression of defensive characteristics that directly affect the quality of the plant as food for herbivores and indirect defenses that affect the efficiency of predation of natural enemies of herbivores. Galling insects are herbivores that represent one extreme of the gradient specialist generalist being too specific about the choice of the host. Becoming so fascinating topics, considering the ecological and evolutionary aspects of plant herbivore interactions.
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