Exsudativoria em saguis do gênero Callithrix
Resumo
Pelo menos 69 espécies de primatas mundiais incluem exsudatos (goma, seiva, látex e resina) em sua dieta. Dentre os primatas Neotropicais, os representantes da subfamília Callithrichinae consomem de forma especialista ou oportunista algum tipo de exsudato. As espécies dos gêneros Callithrix e Cebuella são especialistas no consumo de exsudatos, sendo este recurso alimentar responsável por até 70 % da dieta das espécies destes gêneros, enquanto Callibella, Callimico, Leontopithecus, Mico e Saguinus adquirem o exsudato de forma oportunista. O gênero Callithrix, possui especializações funcionais na dentição, nos ossos do aparato mastigatório e no arranjo da musculatura da mandíbula para realizarem orifícios com vários formatos e volumes na casca das árvores, atingindo os ductos secretores (ductos que produzem exsudato) dos tecidos vegetais responsáveis pelas exsudações, além disso, possui um aparelho digestivo adaptado associado a uma digestão fermentativa eficiente. Os exsudatos são fontes de água, carboidratos complexos, proteínas e minerais, principalmente o cálcio. A presença de cálcio contribui para manter o equilíbrio no metabolismo cálcio / fósforo, acarretada pela alta ingestão de invertebrados. Assim, para esses animais o consumo de exsudatos é importante, já que permite a aquisição de nutrientes essenciais para a sobrevivência. Os saguis do gênero Callithrix possuem um comportamento seletivo com relação ao uso de árvores exsudatífera (produtora de exsudatos), que pode considerar capacidade individual no uso preferencial de determinadas espécies vegetais, bem como de determinadas árvores. Implicações na escolha podem estar associadas a diferenças específicas entre os indivíduos vegetais, como aspectos morfológicos da árvore (e.g. espessura e dureza da casca), conteúdo químico, conteúdo tóxico (e.g. alcaloides e terpenos), nutricional das exsudações, ou mesmo aspecto social do grupo. Este trabalho reúne uma revisão bibliográfica dos principais estudos sobre a exsudativoria em primatas, com ênfase na subfamília Callithrichinae.
Palavras-chave:
Downloads
Referências
Adrian J, Assoumani M (1983) Gums and hydrocolloids in nutrition. In, Reicheigl M (Org) CRC handbook of nutritional supplements. Agricultural use CRC Press, Boca Rotan, pp 301-333.
Alonso C, Langguth A (1989) Ecologia e Comportamento de Callithrix jacchus (Primates: Callitrichidae) numa ilha de floresta atlântica. Revista Nordestina de Biologia 6: 105-137.
Amora TD, Beltrão-Mendes R, Ferrari SF (2013) Use of alternative plant resources by common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) in the semi arid Caatinga Scrub Forests of Northeastern Brazil. American Journal Primatology 75: 333–341.
Bearder SK, Martin RD (1980) Acacia gum and its use by bushbabies, Galago senegalensis (Primates: Lorisidae). Internacional Journal Primatology 1: 103–128.
Canale G, Braga A, Gondim L, Santee D (2008) Sequência de comportamentos de Callithrix penicillata durante a gomivoria. In, Ferrari SF, Rímoli J (Org). A Primatologia no Brasil. Aracaju, Sociedade Brasileira de Primatologia, pp 49-59.
Canton JM, Hill DM, Hume JD, Crook GA (1996) The digestive strategy of the common marmoset, Callithrix jacchus. Comparative Biochemical Physiolog y 144: 1-8.
Carneiro ACO, Vital BR, Castro AFNM, Santos RCS, Castro RVO, Pinheiro MA.(2012) Parâmetros cinéticos de adesivos produzidos a partir de taninos de Anadenanthera peregrina e Eucalyptus grandis. Revista Árvore 36: 767-775.
Castro CSS (2003) Tamanho da área de vida e padrão de uso do espaço em grupos de saguis, Callithrix jacchus (Linnaeus) (Primates, Callitrichidae). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 20: 91-96.
Charles-Dominique P (1997) Ecolog y and behaviour of nocturnal primates. London, Duckworth Press.
Coimbra-Filho AF (1971) Os saguis do gênero Callithrix da região oriental brasileira e um caso de duplo-hibridismo entre três de suas formas (Callithrichidae-Primates). Revista Brasileira de Biologia 31: 377-388.
Coimbra-Filho AF (1972) Aspectos inéditos do comportamento de saguis do gênero Callithrix (Callithrichidae-Primates). Revista Brasileira de Biologia 22: 502-512.
Coimbra-Filho AF, Aldrighi AD, Martins HF (1973) Nova contribuição ao restabelecimento da fauna do Parque Nacional de Tijuca. Brasileira Florestal 4: 7–25.
Coimbra-Filho AF, Mittermeier RA (1976) Exudate eating and tree- gouging in marmosets. Nature 262: 630-632.
Coimbra-Filho AF, Mittermeier RA (1977) Exudate-eating, and the “short- tusked” condition in Callithrix and Cebuella. In, Kleiman DG (Org) The biology and conservation of the Callitrichdae. Smithsonain Institution Press, Washington, pp 105-115.
Coimbra-Filho AF, Rocha NC, Pissinatti A (1980) Morfofisiologia do ceco e sua correlação com o tipo odontológico em Callitrichidae (Platyrrhini, Primates). Revista Brasileira Biologia 40: 177-185.
Coimbra-Filho AF, Mittermeier RA, Constable ID (1981) Callithrix flaviceps (Thomas, 1903) recorded from Minas Gerais, Brazil (Callitrichidae, Primates). Revista Brasileira Biologia 41: 141–147.
Corrêa HKM, Coutinho PEG, Ferrari SF (2000) Between-year differences in the feeding ecology of highland marmosets (Callithrix aurita and Callithrix flaviceps) in south-eastern. Brazilian Journal Zoology 252: 421–427.
Eng CM, Ward SR, Vinyard CJ, Taylor AB (2009) The mechanics of the masticatory apparatus facilitate muscle force production at wide jaw gapes in tree-gouging common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). The Journal Experimental Biology 212: 4040–4055.
Ferrenberg S, Kane JM, Mitton JB (2013). Resin duct characteristics associated with tree resistance to bark beetles across lodgepole and limber pines. Oecologia 174: 1283-1292.
Ferrari SF (1988) The behaviour and ecolog y of the buffy-headed marmoset Callithrix flaviceps (O. Thomas 1903). PhD thesis, University College London, London.
Ferrari SF, Lopes Ferrari MA (1989) A re-evaluation of the social organization of the Callitrichidae, with reference to the ecological differences between genera. Folia Primatologica 52: 132–147.
Ferrari SF, Martins ES (1992) Gummivory and Gut Morphology in Two Sympatric Callitrichids (Callithrix emiliae and Saguinus fuscicollis weddelli) From Western Brazilian Amazonia. American Journal of Physical Anthropolog y 88: 97-103.
Ferrari SF (1993) Ecological differentiation in the Callitrichidae. In, Rylands AB (Org) Marmosets and tamarins: systematics, ecology and behaviour Oxford University Press, Oxford,pp 314-328.
Ferrari SF, Rylands AB (1994) Activity budgets and differential visibility in field studies of three marmosets (Callithrix spp.). Folia Primatologica 63: 78–83.
Ferrari SF, Corrêa HKM, Coutinho PEG (1996) Ecology of the “Southern” marmosets (Callithrix aurita and Callithrix flaviceps). In, Norconk MA, Rosenberger AL, Garber PA (Org) Adaptive radiations of neotropical primates. New York, Plenum Press, pp 157-171.
Ferrari SF, Digby L (1996) Wild Callithrix groups: stable extended families? American Journal Primatolog y 38: 19–27.
Fonseca GAB, Lacher TE (1984) Exudate feeding by Callithrix jacchus penicillata in semideciduous woodland (cerradão) in central Brazil. Primates 25: 441–450.
Francisco TM, Lopes-Mattos KLB, Picoli EAT, Oliveira JA, Zanuncio JC, Serrao JE, Silva IO, Boere V (2015) Bark anatomy and gum secretion chemical composition of Anadenanthera peregrina associated with the eating habits of marmosets. Scientific Reports (submetido).
Francisco TM, Couto DR, Zanuncio JC, Serrão JE, Silva I de O, Boere V (2014) Vegetable exudates as food for Callithrix spp. (Primates): exploratory patterns. PLoS ONE 9(11): e112321. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0112321
Fragaszy D, Visalberghi E, Galloway A (1997) Infant tufted capuchin monkeys behaviour with novel foods: opportunism, not selectivity. Animal Behaviour 53: 1337-1343.
Garber PA (1980) Locomotor behavior and feeding ecology of the Panamanian tamarin (Saguinus oedipus geoffroyi, Callithricidae, Primates). Internacional Journal Primatolog y 1: 185–201.
Garber PA (1984) Proposed nutritional importance of plant exudates in the diet of the Panamanian tamarin, Saguinus oedipus geoffroyi. Internacional Journal Primatology 5: 1–15.
Garber PA, Teaford MF (1986) Body weights in mixed species troops of Saguinus mystax mystax and Saguinus fusiicollis nigrifrons in Amazonian Peru. American Journal of Physical Anthropolog y 71: 331-336.
Garber PA (1987) Foraging strategies living Primates. Annual Review of Anthropolog y 16: 339-364.
Garber PA (1993a) Feeding ecology and behavior of the genus Saguinus. In, Rylands AB (Org). Marmosets and tamarins: Systematics, behaviour and ecology. Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp 273- 295.
Glicksman M (1969) Gum technolog y in the food industry. New York, Academic Press.
Harrison ML, Tardif SD (1994) Social implications of gummivory in marmosets. American Journal of Physical Anthropolog y 95: 399– 408.
Hershkovitz P (1977) Living New World Monkeys (Platyrrhini), with an Introduction to the Primates. Chicago, Chicago University Press.
Hove EL, Herndon FJ (1957) Growth of rabbits on purified diets.Journal of Nutrition 63: 193-199.
Johns T, Nagarajan M, Parkipuny ML, Jones PJH (2000) Maasai gummivory: implications for Paleolithic diets and contemporary health. Current Anthropolog y 41: 453-459.
Lacher TE, Fonseca GAB, Alves C, Magalhães-Castro B (1984) Parasitism of trees by marmosets in a Central Brazilian Gallery Forest. Biotropica 16: 202-209.
Lambert JE (1998) Primate digestion: interactions among anatomy, physiology and feeding ecology. Evolution Anthropology 7: 08–20.
Laska MA (2001) Comparison of food preferences and nutrient composition in captive squirrel monkeys, Saimiris ciureus, and pigtail macaques, Macaca nemestrina. Physiology & Behavior 73: 111-120.
Lazaro-Perea C, Snowdon CT, Arruda MF (1999) Scent-marking behavior in wild groups of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Behavioral Ecolog y and Sociobiolog y 46: 313-324.
Lorenzi, H. (1992). Árvores brasileiras. Manual de Identificação e cultivo de plantas arbóreas nativas do Brasil. Nova Odessa. Ed. Plantarum. 352p.
Maier W, Alonso C, Langguth A (1982) Field observations on Callithrix jacchus jacchus. Z Saugetierkd 47: 334–346.
Martins MM, Setz EZF (2000) Diet of buffy-tufted-eared marmosets (Callithrix aurita) in a forest fragment in South-eastern Brazil. International Jounal of Primatolog y 21: 467-476.
Melo TM (1985) Atividade roedora do Callithrix penicillata (sagui, mico estrela). In, Melo MT (Org) A primatologia no Brasil. Brasília, Sociedade Brasileira de Primatologia, pp 107-130.
Milton K (1981) Distribution patterns of tropical plant foods as an evolutionary stimulus to primate mental devlopment. American Anthropologist 83: 534-548.
Miranda GHB, Faria DS (2001) Ecological aspects of black-pincelled marmoset (Callithrix penicillata) in the cerradão and dense cerrado of the Brazilian Central Plateau. Brazilian Journal of Bioloy 61: 397– 404.
Monke JV (1941) Non-availability of gum arabic as a glycogenic foodstuff in the rat. Proceeding sof the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 46: 178–179.
Nash LT (1986) Dietary, Behavioral, and Morphological Aspects of Gummivory in Primates. Yearbook of Physical Anthropolog y 29: 113-137.
Napier JR, Napier PH (1967) A Handbook of Living Primates. London, Academic Press.
Natori M, Shigehara N (1992) Interspecific differences in lower dentition among eastern Brazilian marmosets. Journal of Mammalogy 73: 668–671.
Nogami Y, Natori M (1986) Fine structure of the dental enamelin the family Callitrichidae (Ceboidea, Primates). Primates 7: 245–258.
Oates JF (1987) Food distribution and foraging behavior. In, Smuts BB, Cheney DL, Seyfarth RM, Wrangham RW, Struthsacker TT (Org). Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, pp 197-209.
Paes JB, Santana GM, Barbosa, Azevedo TKB, Morais RM, Calixto Júnior JT (2010). Substâncias tânicas presentes em várias partes da árvore angico-vermelho (Anadenanthera Colubrina ( VELL.) Brenan. var. cebil (Gris.) Alts.). Scientia Forestalis 38: 441-447.
Passamani M (1996) Uso de árvores gomíferas por Callithrix penicillata no Parque Nacional da Serra do Cipó, MG. Boletim Museu Biologia Mello Leitão 4: 25–31.
Passamani M (1998) Activity budget of Geoffroy’s marmoset (Callithrix geoffroyi) in an Atlantic forest in southeastern Brazil. American Journal Primatology 46: 333–340.
Passamani M, Rylands AB (2000) Feedind behavior of geoffroy’s marmostes (Callithrix geoffroyi) in an Atlantic Forest fragment of south-eastern Brazil. Primates 41: 27–38.
Peres CA (2000) Identifying keystone plant resources in tropical forests: the case of gums from Parkia pods. Journal of Tropical Ecology 16: 287–317.
Porter LM, Garber PA, Nascimento E (2009) Exudates as a fallback food for Callimico goeldii. American Journal Primatology 71: 120–129.
Power ML, Oftedal OT (1996) Differences among captive Callitrichids in the digestive responses to dietary gum. American Journal of Primatolog y 40: 131-144.
Power ML (2010) Nutrional and Digestive Challenges to being a Gum- Feeding Primates. In, Burrows A, Nash L (Org). The evolution of exudativory in primates. New York, Spreinger, pp 25-44.
Pride RE (2005) Foraging Success, Agonism, and Predator Alarms: Behavioral Predictors of Cortisol in Lemur catta. International Journal of Primatology 26: 295-319.
Raboy B, Canale GR, Dietz JM (2008) Ecology of Callithrix kuhlii and a review of eastern Brazilian marmosets. Internacional Journal Primatology 29: 449–467.
Rajput KS, Sanghvi GV, Koyani RD, Rao KS (2009). Anatomical changes in the stems of Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae) infected by pathogenic fungi. IAWA Journal 30: 27 – 36.
Rizzini CT, Coimbra-Filho AF (1981) Lesões produzidas pelos saguis, Callithrix p. penicillata (E. Geoffroy, 1982), em árvores do cerrado (Callitrichadae, Primates). Revista Brasileira de Biologia 41: 579- 583.
Rosenberger AL (2010) Adaptive Profile Versus Adaptive Specialization: Fossils and Gummivory in Early Primate Evolution. In, Burrows A, Nash L (Org) The evolution of exudativory in primates. New York, Springer, pp 273-295.
Rylands AB, Costa CMR (1988) Observações preliminares sobre populações de Callithrix geoffroyi (Humboldt, 1812) na Estação de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Ambiental de Peti-MG. Belo Horizonte, CEMIG.
Rylands AB, Faria DS (1993) Habitats, feeding ecology, and home range size in the genus Callithrix. In, Rylands AB (Org). Marmosets and Tamarins: Systematics, Behavior and Ecolog y. Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp 263-271.
Rylands AB (1996) Habitat and the evolution of social and reproductive behavior in Callithricidae. American Journal Primatolog y 38: 5-18.
Scanlon CE, Chalmers NR, Monteiro Da Cruz MAO (1989) Changes in the size composition and reproductive condition of wild marmoset groups (Callithrix jacchus jacchus) in northeast Brazil. Primates 29: 295-305.
Scanlon CE, Monteiro Da Cruz, MAO, Rylands AB (1991) Exploração de exsudatos vegetais pelo saguis-comum, Callitrhix jacchus. Primatologia no Brasil 3: 197-205.
Smith AC (2000) Composition and proposed nutritional importance of exudates eaten by saddleback (Saguinus fuscicollis) and mustached (Saguinus mystax) tamarins. Internacional Journal Primatology 21: 69–83.
Smith AC (2010) Influences on gum feeding in primates. In, Burrows A, Nash L (Org) The evolution of exudativory in primates. New York, Springer, pp.109-122.
Sussman RW, Kinzey WG (1984) The ecological role of the Callitrichidae. American Journal of Physical Anthropolog y 64: 49-419.
Stevenson MF, Rylands, AB (1988) The marmosets, genus Callithrix. In, Mittermeier RA, Rylands AB, Coimbra-Filho A, Fonseca GAB (Org). Ecolog y and behavior of neotropical primates. Washington, World Wildlife Fund, pp 131-222.
Strier KB (2003). Primate behavioral ecolog y. Allyn and Bacon. Pearson Education Group, EUA.
Swindle DR (1998) Introduction on the Primates. Washington, University of Washington Press.
Taiz L, Zeiger E (2009) Fisiologia vegetal. 4.ed. Porto Alegre: Artmed, 819p.
Taylor AB, Vinyard CJ (2004) Comparative analysis of masseter fiber architecture in tree-gouging (Callithrix jacchus) and nongouging (Saguinus oedipus) callitrichids. Journal of Morphology 261: 276– 285.
Taylor AB, Eng EM, Anapol FC, Vinyard CJ (2009) The functional significance of jaw muscle fiber architecture in tree-gouging marmosets. In, Ford SM, Porter LM, Davis LC (Org).The smallest anthropoids: The marmoset/callimico radiation. New York, Springer, pp 395-409.
Thompson CL, Robl NJ, Melo LCO, Valença-Montenegro MM, Valle YBM, Oliveira MAB, Vinyard CJ (2013) Spatial distribuition and exploitation of trees gouged by common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Internacional Journal Primatology 34: 65-85.
Ushida K, Fugita S, Ohashi G (2006) Nutritional significance of the selective ingestion of Albizia zygia gum exudate by wild chimpanzees in Bossou, Guinea. American Journal Primatology 68: 143–151.
Van Schaik, C. P., Deaner, R. O., & Merrill, M. Y. (1999). The conditions for tool use in primates: implications for the evolution of material culture. Journal of Human Evolution, 36: 719-741.
Verbeken D, Dierckx S, Dewettinck K (2003) Exudate gums: ocuurence, production, and applications. Applied Microbiolog y and Biotechnolog y 63: 10-20.
Vinyard CJ, Wall CE, Williams SH, Hylander WL (2003) Comparative functional analysis of skull morphology of tree-gouging primates. Journal of Physical Anthropology 120: 153–170.
Vinyard CJ, Ryan TM (2006) Cross-sectional bone distribution in the mandibles of gouging and non-gouging platyrrhines. Intenational Journal of Primatology 27: 1461–1490.
Wrangham RW, Waterman PG (1981) Feeding behaviour of vervet monkeys on Acacia tortillas and Acacia xanthophloea: with special reference to reproductive strategies and tannin production. Journal of Animal Ecology 50: 715–731.
Como Citar
Licença
Esta licença permite que outros distribuam, remixem, adaptem e criem a partir do seu trabalho, mesmo para fins comerciais, desde que lhe atribuam o devido crédito pela criação original.
