Exudativory in marmosets of the genus Callithrix
Abstract
At least 69 of world primate species include exudates (gum, sap, latex and resin) in their diet. Among the Neotropical primates, representatives of Callithrichinae subfamily consume in a specialist or opportunistic way some type of exudate. The species of Callithrix and Cebuella genus are specialist in the use of exudates, and this food resource accounts for up to 70% of the diet of species of these genera, while Callibella, Callimico, Leontopithecus, Mico and Saguinus acquire exudate opportunistically. The Callithrix genus has functional specializations of dentition, bones of the masticatory apparatus and arrangement of the muscles of the jaw to open gouge holes of various shapes and volumes in the bark of trees, reaching the secretory ducts (ducts that produce exudates) of plant tissues responsible for exudation, moreover, it has an appropriate digestive tract associated with an efficient fermentative digestion. Exudates are source of water, complex carbohydrates, proteins and minerals, especially calcium. The presence of calcium contributes to maintaining the equilibrium of calcium / phosphorus metabolism, brought about by high intake of invertebrates. So for these animals the consumption of exudates is important, as it allows the acquisition of essential nutrients for survival. Marmosets of Callithrix genus have a selective behavior regarding to the use of exudate trees (producer of exudates), which may consider individual capacity on the preferential use of certain plant species as well as certain trees. Implications for the choice may be linked to specific differences between plant individuals, as morphology of the tree (e.g. thickness and hardness of the bark), chemical content, toxic content (e.g. alkaloids and terpenes), nutritional exudation, or even social aspect of the group. This work brings a literature review of the main studies on the exudativory in primates, with emphasis on Callithrichinae subfamily.
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