Toxicidade do alumínio e o potencial dos fungos ectomicorrízicos na biorremediação dos solos ácidos
Resumen
Desde a revolução industrial, impactos antropogênicos têm promovido uma grande liberação de metais no ambiente, e o solo, sendo a parte básica e mais essencial do sistema ecológico, está sendo altamente contaminado. A disposição de resíduos urbanos e industriais, emissões de automóveis, atividades mineradoras e aplicação de fertilizantes e pesticidas na agricultura, têm contribuído para uma acumulação contínua de metais no solo. Embora alguns metais sejam essenciais para plantas e animais, a maioria é tóxica em elevadas concentrações, e a preocupação com a extensão e gravidade da contaminação do solo que eles causam está crescendo. Em solos ácidos (pH<5.5) a toxicidade do metal alumínio (Al) é o fator primário de limitação na produtividade das culturas. Este elemento na sua forma trivalente (Al3+) parece ser a mais importante espécie de Al rizotóxico, e à medida que o pH do solo cai este cátion é liberado e solubilizado. O primeiro sintoma visível da toxicidade do alumínio é a inibição do crescimento radicular, porém, este metal pode entrar fácil e rapidamente no apoplasto reagindo com a parede e a membrana celular alterando as suas propriedades e destruindo suas funções fisiológicas e biológicas, causando distúrbios enzimáticos e distúrbios na síntese de DNA, exercendo posteriores efeitos tóxicos nas plantas. Uma alternativa para o crescimento das plantas em solos contaminados com metais tóxicos como o Al é a utilização de fungos micorrízicos. Estas associações de fungos com raízes de plantas consistem em uma simbiose mutualística, em que o fungo é beneficiado com carboidratos provenientes de fotossíntese e a planta beneficia-se com água e nutrientes absorvidos pelas hifas fúngicas, além da proteção fornecida pelas estruturas miceliais. Tal proteção pode oferecer resistência a patógenos do solo, a estresses abióticos como seca, ou ao acúmulo de elementos tóxicos como os metais. A efetividade de uma diversidade de associações entre fungos e plantas, em relação ao crescimento destas em substratos contendo metais, foi testada e comprovada para vários metais, sendo que esta remediação está relacionada a uma série de mecanismos extra e intracelulares, dos quais os fungos dispõem. Nesta revisão são descritas as respostas dos fungos ectomicorrízicos a toxicidade de metais com destaque para o alumínio.
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