Utilização de enzimas do estresse oxidativo como biomarcadoras de impactos ambientais
Resumo
O uso intensivo de compostos xenobióticos em atividades humanas é responsável pela contaminação de vários ambientes, provocando alterações em diferentes níveis ecológicos. O monitoramento das possíveis consequências do uso indiscriminado desses compostos é realizado por intermédio de biomarcadores ou bioindicadores, principalmente em ambientes aquáticos, nos quais o organismo apresenta contato direto com o contaminante, fato que propicia o diagnóstico do impacto para posterior reparo ou, até mesmo, recuperação do ambiente. Atualmente, um dos biomarcadores utilizados são as enzimas, uma vez que o aumento ou a inibição da atividade enzimática podem indicar algum tipo de resposta ao estresse ambiental, segundo ensaios realizados in situ ou in vitro. Diversos estudos citados na literatura utilizam a determinação da atividade enzimática, através de comparações com grupos controles ou por parâmetros encontrados antes e depois de iniciar uma atividade que poderia causar algum estresse para a área trabalhada. As enzimas do estresse oxidativo, representadas pela catalase, superóxido dismutase, glutationa redutase e peroxidase, são necessárias para a manutenção da vida por estarem associadas ao processo de detoxificação de compostos formados nos seres vivos, e são consideradas importantes ao permitirem a sobrevivência de organismos em ambientes impactados. A análise da atividade dessas enzimas permite maior controle do ambiente e funciona como sinal de alerta de contaminação, sendo, portanto, uma técnica importante para a vigilância ambiental e controle das atividades humanas sobre o ambiente.
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